A GPGPU-Oriented Full Phase-Space Parallel Unified Gas-Kinetic Scheme with Velocity-Block Pipelining

Abstract

The deterministic unified gas-kinetic scheme (UGKS) provides a multiscale framework for nonequilibrium gas dynamics, but its high-dimensional phase-space discretization leads to severe memory pressure and communication overhead, especially on large unstructured meshes. This paper presents a GPGPU-oriented UGKS with velocity-block pipelining and full phase-space MPI decomposition. In the proposed formulation, the discrete velocity space is partitioned into fixed-size velocity blocks for accelerator execution, while MPI ranks are organized into coupled physical-space and velocity-space communicators. As a result, each rank stores and advances only a local physical subdomain together with a contiguous subset of velocity blocks, and macroscopic moments are recovered through lightweight reductions over the velocity-space communicator. To improve concurrency and reduce exposed communication cost, a triple-buffered pipeline is further developed to overlap microscopic reconstruction, physical-halo exchange, nonequilibrium flux evaluation, and the first-stage distribution update during the local velocity-block sweep. The implementation targets SIMT-based GPGPU accelerators through a portable device-runtime abstraction. Numerical experiments demonstrate that the $P_v=8$ configuration achieves a $33.4$--$35.4\times$ strong-scaling speedup on 64 nodes, while an Orion-like capsule simulation reaches approximately $1.33\times10^{11}$ phase-space degrees of freedom on 4096 GPGPU accelerators. These results indicate that the proposed method preserves the original UGKS flux construction and two-stage time discretization, while substantially reducing microscopic storage per rank and improving the scalability of large unstructured phase-space simulations.