First divertor exposure experiments of a renewable boron pebble aggregate in DIII-D

Abstract

Boron pebble aggregate was tested for the first time as a high-heat-flux granular plasma-facing material in a tokamak divertor. Exposures of up to $q_{\parallel} = \SI{80}{\MW\per\m\squared}$ incident heat flux were conducted in the DIII-D tokamak. Single protruding rods of pebble aggregate composed of sintered amorphous boron pebbles bound with carbon binder were mounted in the Divertor Material Evaluation System (DiMES) sample holders and exposed to L-mode lower single null (LSN) plasmas. Under these heat loads, significant boron dust emission from the boron spheres was observed, and this dust dominates the divertor boron ionization source. Only about half of the released boron was recovered locally as mm-sized particles; with the rest presumably lost mainly as dust into the plasma and vacuum chamber. Preliminary estimates suggest that the rate of surface recession of $\sim$1 cm/s in the pebble conglomerate within the plasma divertor is consistent with the recession rates observed in laser bench tests subjected to normal-incidence heat loads. Although core performance was not adversely affected by the high boron dust emission, future work will need to improve the boron pebble aggregate design to reduce boron dust emission at high heat loads.