Kalman structure and observability for transport systems

Abstract

We study observability and controllability for constant-coefficient first-order hyperbolic systems on the real line when only part of the state is observed or controlled. Even when the Kalman rank condition holds, the usual \(L^2(\mathbb R)^N\)-observability estimate may fail because some components are detected only through the dynamics. We show that the Kalman structure determines the appropriate observability estimate. A component that becomes visible after \(k\) algebraic steps is measured at low Fourier frequencies with a weight of order \(|ξ|^{2k}\) in the Fourier variable. This yields a natural Kalman-adapted observation space for the system. We also prove localized observability for diagonalizable systems on observation sets with uniformly bounded gaps and, separately, extend the whole-line construction to systems with real spectrum and Jordan blocks.