Extreme mid-infrared field enhancement and anapoles in high-index plasmonic metamaterials

Abstract

High-refractive-index materials underpin a wide range of optical technologies, including communications, imaging, lasers, and integrated photonic systems. Here, we demonstrate a self-assembled metamaterial platform based on gold nanoparticle aggregates with nanometer-scale gaps exhibit remarkably high effective refractive indices exceeding 15 in the mid-infrared regime, while simultaneously producing gap-field enhancements of at least two-orders of magnitude. This combination of high refractive index and extreme field enhancement enables exceptionally strong light-matter interactions. We demonstrate this by designing a compact high-index metamaterial device supporting an anapole, which further enhances the nanogap field. By placing quantum emitters with terahertz transitions inside the plasmonic gaps, we show a stimulated-emission response enhanced by at least three orders of magnitude, highlighting applications in non-linear optics, frequency up-conversion and vibrational strong coupling.