Boltzmann-constrained extraction of spin splitting and momentum relaxation in d-wave altermagnets

Abstract

Altermagnets exhibit spin-split electronic structure without requiring spin-orbit coupling, but transport measurements generally mix intrinsic spin splitting with extrinsic scattering. We examine this identifiability problem for a two-dimensional d-wave altermagnet within a unified semiclassical framework spanning ballistic to diffusive transport. The spin-dependent Fermi-surface anisotropy produces a pronounced size effect, where vastly different longitudinal velocities cause the two spin channels to exhibit markedly different effective relaxation lengths within the same device geometry. However, the altermagnetic coupling $α$ and the momentum relaxation time $τ_0$ strongly compensate each other in longitudinal conductance, creating a severe parameter degeneracy. To lift this degeneracy, we formulate a physics-informed neural network (PINN) to act as a differentiable Boltzmann solver that strictly enforces contact injection, local particle conservation, and global current continuity. Driven by sparse conductance spectra, this neural solver leverages the Fermi-level dependence of transport to unlock the coupled parameters simultaneously, achieving sub-percent accuracy even under moderate measurement noise. These results show that combining the Fermi-level dependence of transport with strict physical constraints provides a robust route to separating spin splitting from scattering in altermagnetic conductors.