A Whisper from Within: Response of a Pulsar Timing Array to an Internal Gravitational-wave Source

Abstract

Millisecond pulsars (MSPs) are abundant in globular clusters (GCs) and probably also in galactic nuclei. They offer the potential to form a miniature pulsar timing array (mini-PTA) to detect nanohertz gravitational-wave (GW) sources located inside the array. Since the size of such an array is comparable to the wavelength of GW, the conventional plane-wave approximation becomes invalid, and near-field effects, including wavefront curvature, non-radiative self-field of the GW source, and direct perturbation of pulsar by GW, become significant. In this work, we incorporate these effects in a comprehensive model to calculate the timing residual induced by a GW source inside a mini-PTA. We also consider realistic GW source configurations in GCs (M15 and $ω$ Centauri) and in galactic nuclei (Sgr A* and M31), and find that for MSPs located sufficiently close to the GW source (within a few wavelengths), the residual can reach $1~μ\mathrm{s}$ in GCs and up to milliseconds in galactic centers, within the potential detection reach of current radio telescopes. Crucially, when the pulsar lies within a few GW wavelengths of the source, the non-radiative field dominates and causes the residual to rise much more steeply (between $1/r_e^2$ and $1/r_e^4$, where $r_e$ is the distance to the source) than the conventional far-field scaling ($1/r_e$). These results demonstrate that mini-PTAs in GCs or galactic nuclei can serve as powerful probes of otherwise invisible GW sources, including intermediate-mass and supermassive black hole binaries.