Multi-particle gates on driven one-dimensional paths: probing deep traps

Abstract

We study single-file transport of driven overdamped colloidal particles on a periodic path with deep potential wells. In the small trap limit (i.e., trap size smaller than particle size), the particle current transitions from zero to finite as the number of particles on the path exceeds a critical number $n_c$. Beyond this threshold, $n_c$ particles cluster behind the trap, demonstrating collective correlated motion. The remaining `extra' particles circulate, giving a finite current. We study this phenomenon numerically using overdamped Brownian dynamics simulations, and present an experimental realization of this behaviour for micron-scale colloidal particles driven in an optical vortex. Using our experimental observations, we present results characterizing potential wells as deep as several hundred $k_BT$.