Hall-Littlewood functions in noncommuting variables

Abstract

In 2022 Aliniaeifard, Li, and van Willigenburg defined Schur functions in the algebra of symmetric functions in noncommuting variables (NCSym), answering an open question posed by Rosas and Sagan in 2004. These Schur functions are not monomial positive, since they are defined via a noncommutative analogue of the Jacobi-Trudi determinant. We introduce Hall-Littlewood functions ${\bf P}_π({\bf x};t)$ indexed by set partitions $π$ in noncommuting variables ${\bf x}=({\bf x}_1,{\bf x}_2,\ldots)$, and define Schur functions in noncommuting variables to be ${\bf s}_π({\bf x})={\bf P}_π({\bf x};0)$. We prove that the set of Hall-Littlewood functions $\{{\bf P}_π({\bf x};t)\}$ for all set partitions $π$ of $[n]$ forms a $\mathbb{Q}[t]$-basis of NCSym of homogeneous degree $n$, and that this basis is invariant under any permutation acting on set partitions. These Hall-Littlewood functions in NCSym map to classical Hall-Littlewood functions under commutation, up to a scalar factor. We also show that the Hall-Littlewood functions ${\bf P}_π({\bf x};t)$ naturally refine the lifted Hall-Littlewood functions in NCSym. Specifically, the Schur functions ${\bf s}_π({\bf x})$ are monomial positive and refine the lifted Schur function introduced by Rosas and Sagan. Moreover, we introduce a star product of two polynomials in NCSym and develop the star-multiplication rule for a lifted and a non-lifted Hall-Littlewood functions in NCSym. This rule is a noncommutative analogue of the product rule for two Hall-Littlewood functions and, in particular, of the Littlewood-Richardson rule. Finally, our approach extends to the algebra of quasisymmetric functions in noncommuting variables (NCQSym) indexed by set compositions.