Failure of zero extension in parabolic Sobolev spaces

Abstract

We show that spatial zero extension across the boundary may fail in parabolic Sobolev spaces $\mathring{\mathcal{H}}^1_p((0,T) \times Ω)$, which can also be characterized as $$ L_p(0,T;\mathring{W}^1_p(Ω))\cap W^1_p(0,T; W^{-1}_{p}(Ω)). $$ More precisely, for any $p\in [1, \infty)$, we construct a function $u\in \mathring{\mathcal{H}}^1_p((0,T)\times \mathbb{R}^d_+)$ whose zero extension does not belong to $\mathcal{H}^1_p((0,T)\times \mathbb{R}^d)$. The obstruction occurs even for a flat boundary and is caused by a self-similar boundary layer concentrated at the initial-boundary corner, which produces a boundary supported normal flux defect after zero extension. We also discuss the suitability of various Sobolev-type spaces as solution spaces for parabolic equations in divergence form.