Cross-correlation transmission spectroscopy of ultra-hot Jupiters WASP-189b, HAT-P-57b, KELT-17b, and KELT-21b with GIANO-B

Abstract

Since the discovery of the first exoplanet, significant efforts have been made to characterise their atmospheres. Ultra-hot Jupiters (UHJs) are of particular interest due to their extended and hot atmospheres. Although previous studies have focused on the detection of atomic species at optical wavelengths, near-infrared (NIR) observations offer the potential to detect molecules. In our study, we applied the cross-correlation technique to NIR transmission spectra from \giano. The analysis focuses on the search for H$_2$O, CO, CO$_2$, CH$_4$, HCN, and FeH molecular signals in the atmospheres of four UHJs: HAT-P-57 b, KELT-17 b, KELT-21 b, and WASP-189 b. For the first time, we report results on the NIR transmission spectra of KELT-17b, KELT-21b, and WASP-189b. We report a tentative detection ($3.8σ$) of H$_2$O in HAT-P-57 b and a detection ($5.3σ$) of FeH in KELT-17~b, which is the third FeH detection ever in a UHJ and with the lowest equilibrium temperature. No molecular signals were found in KELT-21b and WASP-189b, or for other molecules in HAT-P-57b and KELT-17b. The cross-correlation results for HAT-P-57 b, KELT-17 b, KELT-21 b, and WASP-189 b in transmission align with the species detected in the UHJ population. This work underscores the need for further observations to confirm and expand the transmission study of UHJs in the NIR, and the capabilities of high-resolution spectrographs on 4-m-class telescopes.