Gamma-ray Bursts in the Radio Sky: the Role of the SKA-VLBI

Abstract

Radio observations of $γ$-ray bursts (GRBs) employing the very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) technique provide us with fundamental information on the dynamics and the geometry of the GRB blast wave. With its high angular resolution ($\sim$milli-arcsecond), VLBI allows us to measure the apparent superluminal expansion, to characterise the structure of the jet and to constrain the viewing angle and jet opening angle. While this information is crucial to understand these transient events, such studies have been possible only for three GRBs to date, owing to both the poor sensitivity of current radio facilities and the paucity of close and bright GRBs. In this chapter, we estimate the impact that the SKA-Mid will have on these studies, when included in a VLBI network. We performed a series of dedicated simulations of VLBI observations of GRBs, considering five VLBI networks and the SKA-Mid, both in its AA* and AA4 configurations. We show that including the SKA-Mid in a global-VLBI experiment will: (i) allow us to measure the size and the expansion of a GRB up to a redshift $z\simeq 0.25$ (at a confidence level of $3σ$); (ii) constrain the size $\gtrsim$2 times better than the current global-VLBI array; (iii) improve the localisation precision in Declination from 4 to 30 times; (iv) detect the apparent proper motion of GRBs seen slightly off-axis with a confidence level 3 times better than current VLBI networks. Ultimately, the SKA-Mid will open a new window on a portion of the GRB population that has been inaccessible so far.