FedLAS: Feature-Modulated Bidirectional Label Smoothing for Neural Network Calibration

Abstract

Deep Neural Network (DNN) classifiers suffer from poor calibration when their softmax outputs (predictive confidence) deviate from the empirical likelihoods. This manifests itself as either overconfident incorrect predictions or under-confident correct predictions. Label smoothing (LS) enhances model calibration by introducing entropy regularization during training through redistributing probability mass from the ground-truth label to the remaining classes. LS, including Margin-based LS (MbLS), have restrictive assumptions: they rely on predefined, uniform smoothing rules and only tackle overconfidence. In reality, samples exhibit diverse characteristics, such as difficulty/ambiguity, that interact with the evolving nature of the model being trained. In training, samples may have various degrees of under- or overconfidence. To overcome this, a mechanism that identifies the specific confidence state of each sample and determines the appropriate degree of smoothing in each training step is needed, tailoring the adjustment to the individual sample. We propose FedLAS: Feature-Modulated Bidirectional Label Smoothing, a plug-and-play algorithm for label smoothing-based losses. In FedLAS, we introduce a Feature Norm-based Confidence Indicator (NCI) to control smoothing and a Bidirectional Calibration Gating (BCG) module to detect both over and under-confidence. Our algorithm can be integrated with LS and MbLS based losses when applied to standard DNNs, enhancing performance. Extensive experiments on standard and fine-grained high-resolution vision benchmarks show that FedLAS consistently improves calibration compared to modern baselines, reducing Expected Calibration Error (ECE) and Adaptive ECE while maintaining Top-1 accuracy. Code: github.com/nadarasarbahavan/FEDLAS