Three-Dimensional Real Affine Lie Groups

Abstract

We classify all left-invariant real affine connections in dimension three. Our approach reduces the three-dimensional problem to a two-dimensional one by decomposing each left-invariant affine connection into a two-dimensional part and an additional one-dimensional component. After characterizing all possible two-dimensional left-invariant affine connections, we return to the three-dimensional setting to obtain a simplified description of all three-dimensional left-invariant affine connections. We then explicitly solve the resulting simplified quadratic equations and perform a refined analysis up to isomorphism, leading to a complete classification. Furthermore, we determine several geometric and algebraic properties of these structures, including the Novikov, associative, radiant, and bi-symmetric conditions, as well as geodesic completeness.