Modulation theory formulation of atomic light-matter interaction

Abstract

We provide a re-formulation of the light-matter interaction of trapped-atom systems in terms of classical modulation theory. We introduce commuting ``mean'' quadrature operators together with ``deviation'' operators that describe the quantum fluctuations resulting from the uncertainty principle. From the ``mean'' position operator stems an accurate approximate expression for the internal transition coupling strengths in terms of Bessel functions which matches that of classical modulation theory. The error of the approximation is a direct result of quantum fluctuations. We also show that this result can also be obtained with WKB theory. The validity of our approach is numerically verified and supported by an expansion of the exact expression using a recurrence relation between orthogonal polynomials. Compared to the exact solution, our result is analytically more tractable, numerically more stable, and admits a transparent physical interpretation which connects the classical and quantum pictures.