Primordial Black Holes in a Radiation-Dominated Universe

Abstract

Primordial fluctuations frozen out during inflation re-enter the cosmological horizon and can collapse, leading to the formation of primordial black holes. We perform simulations of the direct collapse of over-dense regions re-entering the horizon during a radiation-dominated epoch, using full 3+1 general relativistic simulations with the BSSN formalism. Building on previous studies, we impose periodic boundary conditions and allow the matter content of the Universe to self-consistently drive its dynamics. We analyze the evolution of over-densities in both the collapse and dispersal regimes and find a threshold, $0.77<δ_c<0.83$, above which over-densities collapse and form primordial black holes. Our findings are consistent with previous analytic predictions as well as numerical studies that use different formalisms and computational approaches, and hence provide independent validation of those results.