Antenna Orientation Optimization for Rotatable Antenna-Enabled ISAC Systems

Abstract

Non-fixed flexible antenna architectures, such as fluid antenna system (FAS), movable antenna (MA), and pinching antenna, have garnered significant interest in recent years. In this paper, we deploy a rotatable antenna (RA) array at the base station (BS) to improve the integrated sensing and communication (ISAC) performance by exploiting the additional spatial degrees of freedom (DoFs) introduced by antenna rotation. To enhance the sensing performance over an extended region containing a potential target while meeting the communication requirements of multiple users, we aim to maximize the minimum echo signal power within the sensing region, subject to required minimum communication rates of the users. For the special case of a single user and a point target, we show that the optimal orientation of all RAs is identical when both the communication user and the sensing target are located in the far-field region, and then derive a closed-form solution for the optimal RA pointing vector. For the general multi-user and extended-target case, we propose an alternating optimization (AO) algorithm that alternately optimizes the transmit beamforming for communication, the covariance matrix of the probing signal, and the pointing vectors of the RAs in an iterative manner. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed RA-enabled ISAC system can significantly outperform various benchmark schemes, including systems with array-wise rotation optimization and fixed antenna orientation.