The $2j-k$ and $j-2k$ Bi-orthogonal Polynomials on the Unit Circle: Further Properties and Riemann-Hilbert Characterizations

Abstract

In previous work \cite{GW}, we developed a theory of modulated \(2j-k\) bi-orthogonal polynomial systems \(\{P_n(z;r),Q_n(z;r)\}\) and \(j-2k\) bi-orthogonal polynomial systems \(\{R_n(z;r),S_n(z;r)\}\), which generalize the classical \(j-k\) Toeplitz systems. In the present paper, we further develop this theory in several directions. We derive simplified and unified recurrence relations for both families of polynomials, prove a more transparent Christoffel--Darboux formula, and give Riemann--Hilbert characterizations of the \(2j-k\) and \(j-2k\) systems.