Interacting Holographic Dark Energy in $f(Q)$ Gravity: Cosmological Evolution and Gravitational Wave Signatures

Abstract

In this paper, an interactive Holographic Dark Energy (HDE) model is studied in the framework of modified gravity \(f(Q)\). By adopting a power parameterization for the Hubble parameter, the field equations are reconstructed and the evolution of the universe at the background level and tensor perturbations are investigated. Then, using observational data \(H(z)\), the model parameters are constrained and the dynamical behavior of dark energy throughout the history of the universe is analyzed. Also, the study of the evolution of energy density, pressure and the Equation of State (EoS) parameter of dark energy shows that dark energy in the late universe naturally tends to a region close to the cosmological constant behavior, while in the past it followed a distinct dynamical evolution. Stability analysis based on the speed of sound also indicates that the model has good classical stability around the present era. In addition, the compatibility of the current values of the relative density parameters of matter and dark energy with the observational constraints confirms the ability of the model to reproduce the main features of the observed universe. Next, the propagation of gravitational waves in the cosmological context of the model is investigated. The results show that the corrections due to \(f(Q)\) gravity and the interaction between matter and dark energy can affect the evolution of tensor perturbations and produce signatures distinct from the standard scenario. Overall, the findings of this study indicate that the interactive HDE in the gravitational framework \(f(Q)\) can provide a consistent framework for describing the cosmic acceleration and studying the cosmological consequences of gravitational waves.