Probing Fermion-Portal Scalar Dark Matter through Charged Vector-Like Fermions at Future Muon Colliders

Abstract

We revisit a minimal fermion-portal scalar dark matter model consisting of a real singlet scalar dark matter candidate and additional vector-like singlet and doublet charged fermions stabilized by a discrete $Z_2$ symmetry. In light of the latest dark matter direct-detection constraints, the conventional Higgs-portal interaction is severely restricted, motivating a detailed investigation of fermion-mediated dark matter annihilation channels. We perform a comprehensive analysis of the model parameter space by incorporating theoretical constraints from vacuum stability and perturbative unitarity, together with experimental bounds from relic density measurements, direct-detection experiments, Higgs invisible decay searches, lepton-flavor-violating processes, and anomalous magnetic moments. We show that the observed dark matter relic abundance can be successfully reproduced over a wide mass range through Yukawa-driven $t$- and $u$-annihilation and co-annihilation processes involving the new fermions, while remaining consistent with current direct-detection limits. Motivated by the viable parameter space, we investigate the discovery prospects of the lightest charged vector-like fermion at future muon colliders operating at center-of-mass energies of 3 TeV and 10 TeV. Focusing on the process $μ^+μ^- \to E_1^+E_1^- \to e^+e^- + \cancel{E}_T$, we perform a detector-level analysis including realistic Standard Model backgrounds. We demonstrate that the clean experimental environment of a muon collider provides excellent sensitivity to charged fermion masses extending into the multi-TeV regime, significantly improving the exploration prospects of this class of fermion-portal dark matter scenarios.