Enhanced LIBS Emission Using Laser Beam Splitting: Interacting Multi-Plume Plasma Dynamics

Abstract

The optical emission in laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is governed by the spatial intensity distribution of the incident laser beam, which influences plasma formation and evolution. Beam shaping therefore offers a route to control plasma dynamics and emission yield; however, its effects in LIBS remain insufficiently quantified, particularly under conditions relevant to compact instrumentation. In this work, a diffractive optical element (DOE) is used to transform a Gaussian beam into a 2x2 array, producing simultaneously expanding, co-propagating ablation plumes that interact during expansion. Plasma evolution from Cu and Si targets is investigated in vacuum using a Nd:YAG laser (1064 nm, 5 ns, 10 J/cm2), combining time-resolved imaging with optical emission spectroscopy. The multi-spot configuration results in enhanced emission intensity compared to single-spot irradiation, with increases of ~9 for Si and ~3 for Cu. The observed enhancement is attributed to plume-plume interaction effects that modify plasma density and emission characteristics. These results demonstrate that DOE-based beam shaping provides an effective and technically simple approach to increasing the LIBS signal without additional system complexity.