A Catalog of Automatically Identified Multi-Signature ICMEs Observed by Solar Orbiter

Abstract

In this study, we present a catalog of 138 interplanetary coronal mass ejections (ICMEs) identified using multiple distance-normalized ICME criteria within sliding time windows applied to \textit{Solar Orbiter} in-situ measurements. We observe sub-adiabatic proton cooling, a near-spherical radial density decrease, a steep decline in dynamic pressure indicative of enhanced expansion in the inner heliosphere, and a magnetic-field profile shallower than Parker-spiral expectations. Approximately $55\%$ of the ICMEs are associated with a preceding shock and sheath, while $45\%$ are not. Compared with non-sheath ICMEs, sheath-associated events are $\approx27\%$ longer, $\approx68\%$ more magnetized, $\approx30\%$ faster, $\approx2.6$ times hotter, $\approx34\%$ denser, and $\approx2.8$ times more over-pressured, while expanding $\approx96\%$ faster and maintaining low plasma $β$. Expansion speed also scales strongly with ICME size and bulk speed, suggesting that sheath dynamics regulate ejecta expansion. For the 32 ICMEs with Heavy Ion Sensor (HIS) observations, $\approx30\%$ exhibit $\mathrm{O}^{7+}/\mathrm{O}^{6+}\approx1$, whereas Fe-based composition signatures ($\langle Q_{\mathrm{Fe}}\rangle$, $\mathrm{Fe}^{\ge16+}/\mathrm{Fe}$, and $\mathrm{Fe}/\mathrm{O}$) identify $\approx50$--$65\%$ of events, consistent with lower charge-state enhancements during solar minimum. Superposed epoch analysis reveals enhanced heavy-ion signatures within magnetic-cloud intervals, linking in-situ composition to coronal heating. This catalog provides a robust benchmark for multi-mission studies, machine-learning applications, CME evolution models, and space-weather investigations.