Extending the Ginsburg-Spanier Theorem to Functions and Mixed Arithmetic

Abstract

We study sets and functions definable in the three additive theories $\FO(\Z,+,\leq)$, $\FO(\R,+,\leq)$, and $\FO(\R,\Z,+,\leq)$. The Ginsburg--Spanier theorem~\cite{GS66} characterizes $\FO(\Z,+,\leq)$-definable sets as exactly the semi-linear sets. We extend this characterization in two directions. First, we show that $\FO(\Z,+,\leq)$-definable \emph{functions} are exactly the piecewise linear functions (Theorem~\ref{thm:integer}), and that $\FO(\R,+,\leq)$-definable functions are also exactly the piecewise linear functions (Theorem~\ref{thm:real}). The proofs are direct algebraic arguments using only a stability lemma and the Ginsburg--Spanier theorem. Second, we introduce \emph{semi-polinear sets} as the $\FO(\R,\Z,+,\leq)$ analogue of semi-linear sets, and prove that the class of mixed-linear sets and the class of semi-polinear sets coincide (Theorem~\ref{thm:mixed-sets}). We further show that $\FO(\R,\Z,+,\leq)$-definable functions are exactly the \emph{piecewise-simple} functions (Theorem~\ref{thm:mixed-functions}), a new class of functions that are linear in the integer part and in the fractional part of the argument, but with potentially different linear coefficients for each. These algebraic characterizations unify the three theories in a single framework, and the proofs are purely algebraic, without reference to automata or machines.