Roman domination on subclasses of bipartite graphs

Abstract

The Roman Domination Problem (RDP) on a simple, finite, undirected graph \(G=(V,E)\) asks for a labeling function \(f:V\rightarrow\{0,1,2\}\) such that every vertex assigned value \(0\) is adjacent to at least one vertex assigned value \(2\). The objective is to minimize the total weight \(\sum_{v\in V} f(v)\), and this minimum value is called the Roman domination number of \(G\), denoted by \(γ_R(G)\). Since the RDP is NP-complete for bipartite graphs, a natural direction is to study its complexity on restricted subclasses of bipartite graphs. The problem remains NP-complete even under strong structural restrictions, such as star-convex and comb-convex bipartite graphs. Therefore, identifying the borderline subclasses where the problem changes from NP-complete to polynomial-time solvable remains an important challenge. In this paper, we investigate the RDP on convex bipartite graphs and on their superclass, chordal bipartite graphs. First, we present a dynamic programming algorithm for convex bipartite graphs. The algorithm uses the interval ordering of one bipartition class and keeps a compact boundary state, which is sufficient to control the domination requirements of both processed and future vertices. This gives an \(O(n^3)\)-time algorithm for computing \(γ_R(G)\) on an \(n\) vertex convex bipartite graph. In contrast, we prove that the decision version of the RDP is NP-complete on chordal bipartite graphs by a polynomial reduction from \textsc{Dominating Set} on chordal bipartite graphs. Thus, our results show a clear separation between the tractability of convex bipartite graphs and the hardness of the larger chordal bipartite class.