Quantum Hopfion rings in the cluster mean-field approximation

Abstract

We study the quantum properties of two- and three-dimensional spin textures -- $kπ$-skyrmions and hopfion rings -- within the cluster mean-field approximation (CMFA). By combining the CMFA with a symmetrization procedure, we achieve two key advances: the accurate computation of quantum fluctuations in large spin textures and reliable access to metastable states. These challenges are generally insurmountable using standard methods, which are severely limited by the curse of dimensionality and typically restricted to ground-state properties. Exploiting the cylindrical symmetry of the studied magnetic configurations, we construct one-dimensional chain-like clusters that can be efficiently simulated using the density matrix renormalization group method, while inter-cluster interactions are treated at the mean-field level. The resulting spatial profiles of quantum features such as the local variation of the magnetization length in hopfion rings reveal limitations of the classical micromagnetic model and indicate the necessity of its extension. We demonstrate that the recently proposed regularized micromagnetic equation provides a suitable framework for this purpose.