Low-hard to high-soft spectral state transitions in the faintest early-X-ray-detected optical tidal disruption event TDE 2025aarm

Abstract

We report the X-ray and optical spectroscopic properties of TDE 2025aarm, the second closest tidal disruption event (TDE) discovered to date. The proximity of this source, combined with a deep and intense X-ray monitoring campaign spanning six months, allowed us to probe the source down to an unprecedented 0.2-10 keV luminosity of $\sim7\times10^{39}$ erg s$^{-1}$ close to the optical peak. This renders TDE 2025aarm the faintest early-X-ray-detected TDE to date. After the first X-ray detection, the source brightened by nearly two orders of magnitude, reaching a peak luminosity of $\sim5\times10^{41}$ erg s$^{-1}$ about four months after the optical peak. Through time-resolved X-ray spectral analysis, we find that TDE 2025aarm evolved from an initially hard, power-law-dominated X-ray state into a softer, disk-dominated state as the luminosity increased, before hardening again at later times. Such low-hard-to-high-soft state transitions are commonly observed in black hole X-ray binaries (XRBs) but have not previously been reported in thermal TDEs. We show that the spectral evolution can be described by variations in the relative contributions of an accretion disk and a Comptonizing component, qualitatively resembling the disk--corona evolution observed in XRBs. We also present the results of our optical spectroscopic follow-up campaign with HET/LRS2, confirming the TDE classification and revealing NIII Bowen fluorescence features. The extremely faint early-time X-ray emission of TDE 2025aarm further supports the idea that the historical dichotomy between X-ray-bright and X-ray-undetected TDEs is largely driven by selection effects related to the depth, cadence, and duration of X-ray follow-up observations. TDE 2025aarm therefore provides new insight into both the accretion physics of TDEs and the possible universality of accretion across several orders of magnitude in black hole mass.