Global existence and optimal decay for a three-dimensional penalized Navier--Stokes system with biharmonic damping

Abstract

We investigate a three-dimensional parabolic system that arises as a hyperviscous and penalized approximation of the incompressible Navier--Stokes equations. The model combines three complementary dissipative mechanisms: the classical viscous diffusion, a biharmonic (hyperviscous) regularization, and a divergence penalization. In addition, a Temam-type correction is incorporated into the nonlinear convection term to compensate for the weak compressibility effects generated by the penalization procedure. We prove the global existence of weak solutions for arbitrary initial data belonging to $L^2(\mathbb{R}^3)$. For sufficiently small initial data in $H^2(\mathbb{R}^3)$, we establish the existence and uniqueness of global strong solutions. Furthermore, for initial data in $L^1(\mathbb{R}^3)\cap H^2(\mathbb{R}^3)$, we derive optimal large-time decay estimates, showing that the solutions exhibit the same asymptotic decay rates as those of the classical heat equation. A key feature of our analysis is that all the obtained a priori estimates are uniform with respect to the positive penalization parameter $\varepsilon$. These uniform bounds provide a stable and rigorous analytical foundation for the study of the penalized approximation of incompressible flows.