Synthesis of Ti2B2Clx MBenes in molten salts from theoretical and experimental perspectives

Abstract

The unique properties and application possibilities of two-dimensional (2D) materials motivates the exploration of different nanolaminated compounds. Here, by using a molten salt approach, we selectively etch Ti2InB2 with ZnCl2 to produce a multilayer (ml) Ti2B2Clx MBene. Scanning transmission electron microscopy, in combination with energy dispersive X-ray, and electron energy loss spectroscopies show that In atoms are completely removed from the precursor upon etching, being replaced by chlorine surface terminations with a coverage 1.1 < x < 1.4. Further, in situ X-ray diffraction indicates a direct biphasic transformation from Ti2InB2 to ml-MBene, with no signs of intermediate phase formation. A computational framework based on density functional theory further corroborates these experimental observations by showing a negative reaction free energy for the formation of ml-MBene, favourable over all competing processes. In addition, A-element substitution into to the 3D Ti2ZnB2 phase is predicted to be endergonic, consistent with the absence of experimental evidence for its formation. Initial Li-ion battery performance evaluation showed a stable discharge capacity similar or better than MAX phases and other borides. Altogether, the theoretical framework combined with materials synthesis and characterization provides a general approach for 2D materials development, for further expansion of the family of 2D materials.