Two-phonon pairing and superconductivity in $SrTiO_3$

Abstract

We explore the possibility that the two-phonon pairing mechanism proposed by Ngai can explain superconductivity in doped strontium titanate (STO). The two-phonon deformation potential is evaluated using two distinct theoretical estimates based on first-principles calculations and two empirical estimates based on experimental data, yielding very large values of the same order of magnitude. We derive the effective electron-electron interaction mediated by two-phonon exchange. Crucial to our computations is the strong dispersion of the involved soft phonons. Because the scale of the two-phonon interaction is much larger than the Fermi energy, the Migdal theorem does not apply. We obtain a one-loop Eliashberg equation that can be solved in the weak-coupling limit. We find that despite the significant electron-phonon matrix element, phase space considerations considerably reduce the effective coupling. A two-phonon mechanism can not be excluded based on the $T_c$ magnitude, but its value is dominated by the high-energy-frequency physics and is weakly affected by the soft-phonon behavior. The theory predicts a $T_c$ that monotonously increases with doping, which is not in accordance with the experiment. We identify the conditions for a two-phonon mechanism to be effective in other materials and discuss possible candidates.