Distribution of Gamma-ray Burst Ejecta Energy with Lorentz Factor

Abstract

The early X-ray afterglow for a significant number of gamma-ray bursts detected by the Swift satellite is observed to have a phase of very slow flux decline with time ($F_ν\propto t^{-α}$ with $0.2 \lesssim α\lesssim 0.8$) for $10^{2.5} s \lesssim t \lesssim 10^4$ s, while the subsequent decline is the usual $1 \lesssim α_3 \lesssim 1.5$ behavior, that was seen in the pre-Swift era. We show that this behavior is a natural consequence of a small spread in the Lorentz factor of the ejecta, by a factor of $\sim 2-4$, where the slower ejecta gradually catch-up with the shocked external medium, thus increasing the energy of forward shock and delaying its deceleration. The end of the ``shallow'' flux decay stage marks the beginning of the Blandford-McKee self similar external shock evolution. This suggests that most of the energy in the relativistic outflow is in material with a Lorentz factor of $\sim 30-50$.