High-resolution imaging of the cosmic mass distribution from gravitational lensing of pregalactic HI

Abstract

Low-frequency radio observations of neutral hydrogen during and before the epoch of cosmic reionization will provide ~ 1000 quasi-independent source planes, each of precisely known redshift, if a resolution of ~1 arcminutes or better can be attained. These planes can be used to reconstruct the projected mass distribution of foreground material. Structure in these source planes is linear and gaussian at high redshift (30<z<300) but is nonlinear and nongaussian during re ionization. We demonstrate that this structure can, in principle, be used to make mass images with a formal signal-to-noise per pixel exceeding 10, even for pixels as small as an arc-second. With an ideal telescope, both resolution and signal-to-noise can exceed those of even the most optimistic idealized mass maps from galaxy lensing by more than an order of magnitude. Individual dark halos similar in mass to that of the Milky Way could be imaged with high signal-to-noise out to z ~ 10. Even with a much less ambitious telescope, a wide-area survey of 21 cm lensing would provide very sensitive constraints on cosmological parameters, in particular on dark energy. These are up to 20 times tighter than the constraints obtainable from comparably sized, very deep surveys of galaxy lensing, although the best constraints come from combining data of the two types. Any radio telescope capable of mapping the 21cm brightness temperature with good frequency resolution (~ 0.05 MHz) over a band of width >~ 10 MHz should be able to make mass maps of high quality. The planned Square Kilometer Array (SKA) may be able to map the mass with moderate signal-to-noise down to arcminute scales, depending on the reionization history of the universe and the ability to subtract foreground sources.