Orbital decay of protostellar binaries in molecular clouds

Abstract

The evolution of a protostellar binary system is investigated while it is embedded in its parent molecular cloud core and acted upon by gas drag due to dynamical friction. Approximate analytical results are obtained for the energy and angular momentum evolution of the orbit in the limiting cases, where the velocity is much smaller than, and much larger than the velocity dispersion of the gas. The general case is solved numerically. Dissipation causes a decay of the orbit to smaller separations and orbital eccentricity increases with time. As a binary probably spends about a few $10^6$ years embedded in the cloud, significant evolution of the orbit is expected before the dispersal of the cloud. Binary populations have been statistically generated and evolved for comparison with observations of MS and PMS binaries. Dynamical friction changes the initial frequency distribution with period of the binaries, and a maximum is obtained in the distribution as seen observationally. Decay of the orbit due to gas drag causes an evolution of long-period orbits to shorter periods and thus enables the formation of close binaries.