Time-domain atom interferometry across the threshold for Bose-Einstein condensation

Abstract

We have performed time-domain interferometry experiments with matter waves trapped in an harmonic potential above and below the Bose-Einstein phase transition. We interrogate the atoms according to the method of separated oscillating fields, with a sequence of two radio-frequency pulses, separated by a time delay T. We observe the oscillation of the population between two internal Zeeman states, as a function of the delay T. We find a strong depletion of the interference fringes for both the Bose condensates and the thermal clouds above condensation, even at very short times, when the clouds are still overlapping. Actually, we explain the observed loss of contrast in terms of phase patterns imprinted by the relative motion, as a consequence of the entanglement between the internal and external states of the trapped atoms.