The two-dimensional random-bond Ising model, free fermions and the network model

Abstract

We develop a recently-proposed mapping of the two-dimensional Ising model with random exchange (RBIM), via the transfer matrix, to a network model for a disordered system of non-interacting fermions. The RBIM transforms in this way to a localisation problem belonging to one of a set of non-standard symmetry classes, known as class D; the transition between paramagnet and ferromagnet is equivalent to a delocalisation transition between an insulator and a quantum Hall conductor. We establish the mapping as an exact and efficient tool for numerical analysis: using it, the computational effort required to study a system of width $M$ is proportional to $M^{3}$, and not exponential in $M$ as with conventional algorithms. We show how the approach may be used to calculate for the RBIM: the free energy; typical correlation lengths in quasi-one dimension for both the spin and the disorder operators; even powers of spin-spin correlation functions and their disorder-averages. We examine in detail the square-lattice, nearest-neighbour $\pm J$ RBIM, in which bonds are independently antiferromagnetic with probability $p$, and ferromagnetic with probability $1-p$. Studying temperatures $T\geq 0.4J$, we obtain precise coordinates in the $p-T$ plane for points on the phase boundary between ferromagnet and paramagnet, and for the multicritical (Nishimori) point. We demonstrate scaling flow towards the pure Ising fixed point at small $p$, and determine critical exponents at the multicritical point.