Electronic structure of the muonium center as a shallow donor in ZnO
Abstract
The electronic structure and the location of muonium centers (Mu) in single-crystalline ZnO were determined for the first time. Two species of Mu centers with extremely small hyperfine parameters have been observed below 40 K. Both Mu centers have an axial-symmetric hyperfine structure along with a [0001] axis, indicating that they are located at the ABO,// and BC// sites. It is inferred from their small ionization energy (~6 meV and 50 meV) and hyperfine parameters (~10-4 times the vacuum value) that these centers behave as shallow donors, strongly suggesting that hydrogen is one of the primary origins of n type conductivity in as-grown ZnO.
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