Nonextensive thermodynamics of the two-site Hubbard model

Abstract

Thermodynamical properties of canonical and grand-canonical ensembles of the half-filled two-site Hubbard model have been discussed within the framework of the nonextensive statistics (NES). For relating the physical temperature $T$ to the Lagrange multiplier $β$, two methods have been adopted: $T=1/k_B β$ in the method A [Tsallis {\it et al.} Physica A {\bf 261} (1998) 534], and $T=c_q/k_B β$ in the method B [Abe {\it et al.} Phys. Lett. A {\bf 281} (2001) 126], where $k_B$ denotes the Boltzman constant, $c_q= \sum_i p_i^q$, $p_i$ the probability distribution of the $i$th state, and $q$ the entropic index. Temperature dependences of specific heat and magnetic susceptibility have been calculated for $1 \lleq q \lleq 2$, the conventional Boltzman-Gibbs statistics being recovered in the limit of $q = 1$. The Curie constant $Γ_q$ of the susceptibility in the atomic and low-temperature limits ($t/U \to 0, T/U \to 0$) is shown to be given by $Γ_q=2 q 2^{2(q-1)}$ in the method A, and $Γ_q=2 q$ in the method B, where $t$ stands for electron hoppings and $U$ intra-atomic interaction in the Hubbard model. These expressions for $Γ_q$ are shown to agree with the results of a free spin model which has been studied also by the NES with the methods A and B. A comparison has been made between the results for canonical and grand-canonical ensembles of the model.