Two-dimensional Bose gas under extreme rotation

Abstract

We show that a Bose-condensed gas under extreme rotation in a 2D anisotropic trap, forms a novel elongated quantum fluid which has a roton-maxon excitation spectrum. For a sufficiently large interaction strength, the roton energy reaches zero and the system undergoes a second order quantum transition to the state with a periodic structure - rows of vortices. The number of rows increases with the interaction, and the vortices eventually form a triangular Abrikosov lattice.