The Anomalous Skin Effect in Single Crystal Relaxor Ferroelectric PZN-xPT and PMN-xPT

Abstract

X-ray and neutron scattering studies of the lead-based family of perovskite relaxors PZN-$x$PT and PMN-$x$PT have documented a highly unusual situation in which the near-surface region of a single crystal can exhibit a structure that is different from that of the bulk when cooled to low temperatures. The near-surface region, or "skin" can also display critical behavior that is absent in the crystal interior, as well as a significantly different lattice spacing. By varying the incident photon energy, and thus the effective penetration depth, x-ray measurements indicate a skin thickness of order 10 $\mu$m to 50 $\mu$m for PZN-$x$PT samples with $0 \le x \le 8$%. Neutron residual stress measurements on a large PMN single crystal reveal a uniform lattice spacing within the bulk, but an increased strain near the surface. The presence of this skin effect has led to incorrect phase diagrams for both the PZN-$x$PT and PMN-$x$PT systems and erroneous characterizations of the nature of the relaxor state.