On the geometry of similarity search: dimensionality curse and concentration of measure

Abstract

We suggest that the curse of dimensionality affecting the similarity-based search in large datasets is a manifestation of the phenomenon of concentration of measure on high-dimensional structures. We prove that, under certain geometric assumptions on the query domain $\Omega$ and the dataset $X$, if $\Omega$ satisfies the so-called concentration property, then for most query points $x^\ast$ the ball of radius $(1+\e)d_X(x^\ast)$ centred at $x^\ast$ contains either all points of $X$ or else at least $C_1\exp(-C_2\e^2n)$ of them. Here $d_X(x^\ast)$ is the distance from $x^\ast$ to the nearest neighbour in $X$ and $n$ is the dimension of $\Omega$.