Gauge invariance and hadron structure
Abstract
We prove that the gauge dependent gluon spin, gluon and quark orbital angular momenta operators have gauge invariant expectation values on hadron states with definite momentum and polarization, therefore the conventional decomposition of nucleon spin into contributions from the spin and orbital angular momentum of quark and gluon is gauge independent. Similar conclusions apply to the gauge dependent quark momentum and kinetic energy operators, and accordingly nucleon momentum and mass structures.
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