Non-commutative martingale transforms

Abstract

We prove that non-commutative martingale transforms are of weak type $(1,1)$. More precisely, there is an absolute constant $C$ such that if $\M$ is a semi-finite von Neumann algebra and $(\M_n)_{n=1}^\infty$ is an increasing filtration of von Neumann subalgebras of $\M$ then for any non-commutative martingale $x=(x_n)_{n=1}^\infty$ in $L^1(\M)$, adapted to $(\M_n)_{n=1}^\infty$, and any sequence of signs $(\epsilon_n)_{n=1}^\infty$, $$\left\Vert \epsilon_1 x_1 + \sum_{n=2}^N \epsilon_n(x_n -x_{n-1}) \right\Vert_{1,\infty} \leq C \left\Vert x_N \right\Vert_1 $$ for $N\geq 2$. This generalizes a result of Burkholder from classical martingale theory to non-commutative setting and answers positively a question of Pisier and Xu. As applications, we get the optimal order of the UMD-constants of the Schatten class $S^p$ when $p \to \infty$. Similarly, we prove that the UMD-constant of the finite dimensional Schatten class $S_n^{1}$ is of order $\log(n+1)$. We also discuss the Pisier-Xu non-commutative Burkholder-Gundy inequalities.