Almost-free E-rings of cardinality aleph_1

Abstract

An E-ring is a unital ring R such that every endomorphism of the underlying abelian group R^+ is multiplication by some ring-element. The existence of almost-free E-rings of cardinality greater than 2^{aleph_0} is undecidable in ZFC. While they exist in Goedel&#39;s universe, they do not exist in other models of set theory. For a regular cardinal aleph_1 <= lambda <= 2^{aleph_0} we construct E-rings of cardinality lambda in ZFC which have aleph_1-free additive structure. For lambda = aleph_1 we therefore obtain the existence of almost-free E-rings of cardinality aleph_1 in ZFC.