Chemical Equilibrium as Balance of the Thermodynamic Forces

Abstract

The article sets forth comprehensive basics of thermodynamics of chemical equilibrium as balance of the thermodynamic forces. Based on the linear equations of irreversible thermodynamics, De Donder definition of the thermodynamic force, and Le Chatelier's principle, new thermodynamics of chemical equilibrium offers an explicit account for multiple chemical interactions within the system. Basic relations between energetic characteristics of chemical transformations and reaction extents are based on the idea of chemical equilibrium as balance between internal and external thermodynamic forces, which is presented in the form of a logistic equation, containing only one new parameter. Solutions to the basic equation define the domain of states of the chemical system, from true equilibrium to true chaos. The new theory is derived exclusively from the currently recognized ideas and covers equilibrium thermodynamics as well as non-equilibrium thermodynamics in a unique concept.