Various Newtonian stresses from macroscopic fluid to microscopic celled fluid

Abstract

We showed that various expressions of stress in different models of fluids and in different forms of applying Newton's Second Law can be chosen, however there is always one Newton's Second Law which restricts and provides flexibility in these expressions. When fluids are regarded as being made of cells from a microscopic point of view, temperature force (gradient of internal kinetic energy) can also drive them flow.