Waveguide Integrated Superconducting Single Photon Detectors Implemented as Coherent Perfect Absorbers

Abstract

At the core of an ideal single photon detector is an active material that ideally absorbs and converts photons to discriminable electronic signals. A large active material volume favours high-efficiency absorption, but often at the expense of conversion efficiency, noise, speed and timing accuracy. The present work demonstrates how the concept of coherent perfect absorption can be used to relax this trade-off for a waveguide-integrated superconducting nanowire single photon detector. A very short (8.5$\mu$m long) and narrow (8$\times$35nm$^2$) U-shaped NbTiN nanowire atop a silicon-on-insulator waveguide is turned into a perfect absorber by etching an asymmetric nanobeam cavity around it. At 2.05K, the detectors show $\sim$96$\pm$12% on-chip quantum efficiency for 1545nm photons with an intrinsic dark count rate $<$0.1Hz. The estimated timing jitter is $\sim$53ps full-width at half-maximum and the reset time is $<$7ns, both extrinsically limited by readout electronics. This architecture is capable of pushing ultra-compact detector performance to ideal limits, and so promises to find a myriad of applications in quantum optics.