Precessing magnetic particles as ac magnetic field sensors

Abstract

Electromagnetic waves are widely used including in defense, biomedicine, and fundamental science. Their efficient detection determines how we communicate, defend against adversaries, diagnose diseases and perform search and rescue operations. In this article, exploiting the precession of a levitated magnetic particle in vacuum, we show that weak electromagnetic waves down to the femtotesla level can be detected. It is also shown that such a sensor has a large dynamic range over a millitesla, is continuously tunable over many gigahertz and can detect frequencies with sub-hertz resolutions. The direction of arrival of the incoming electromagnetic wave can also be found relatively easily.