Syndrome-as-Header: A Quantum Label-Switching Architecture via Uncorrectable Error Injection

Abstract

Scaling quantum networks beyond point-to-point links requires packet forwarding that can tolerate control-plane timing uncertainty. Existing optical-burst switching (OBS) and quantum-wrapper-based packet switching (QW) rely on external classical headers whose jitter-prone processing must remain aligned with in-flight quantum payloads, creating guard-window or fiber-delay-line budget failures. This paper proposes Syndrome-as-Header (SAH), a quantum label-switching architecture that embeds routing labels into the syndrome structure of an encoded payload. The proposed scheme uses Uncorrectable Error Injection (UEI) to map flow labels to reference syndromes and builds a syndrome-space header codebook whose decoding regions remain distinguishable under correctable channel-induced syndrome deviations. Core routers extract the syndrome header, suppress the correctable residual channel-error component, and swap labels without measuring or decoding the logical payload. SAH supports FAST forwarding and VERIFICATION mode, the latter providing end-to-end consistency checking while retaining swappable labels. In NSFNet timing benchmarks with common per-hop quantum error correction (QEC), SAH eliminates the external-header/payload alignment condition, so timing uncertainty appears as memory residence and delivered latency rather than alignment-budget drops. With a $T_2$-based memory-residence penalty, the advantage depends on router memory coherence; for sufficiently long coherence, SAH maintains higher acceptance and throughput than OBS+QEC and QW+QEC under high jitter.