Imaging and characterization of spontaneous vortices in a proximity-induced superconductor

Abstract

Observation of spontaneous symmetry breaking is crucial for understanding continuous second-order phase transitions from disordered to ordered states, which often leads to the formation of topological defects. In superconductors, such topological defects manifest as quantized vortices. However, the formation and observation of spontaneous vortices in a uniform superconductor are challenging because extremely rapid cooling (>108 K/s) is generally required for that purpose. Here we conducted scanning superconducting quantum interference device microscope (SSM) measurements on an MgB2-based proximity-induced superconductor, an intrinsically inhomogeneous system. In this system, individual superconducting domains will reach internal equilibrium independently during cooling and choose their own phase before the global phase coherence is established via the long-range proximity coupling. The SSM measurements demonstrate that vortices are nucleated spontaneously even at a relatively slow cooling rate (~0.2 K/s). We also find that the vortices with different polarities, sizes, and shapes appear stochastically under near-zero-field conditions. The geometry of the spontaneous vortices is more extended than that of the field-induced Abrikosov vortices. Magnetic field profile analysis based on the London model elucidates that penetration depths of the extended vortices are anomalously large, exceeding several micrometers. This unusual morphology of the spontaneous vortices most likely imprints the information that is frozen at the moment of vortex formation. Our findings not only provide insights into the local phase differences present in the early stage of the phase transition in this proximity-induced superconducting system, but they also shed insights into the structure, formation, and stabilization of topological defects in highly disordered and inhomogeneous superconducting systems.