Reliability Is Not Free in Universal Quantum Work Extraction

Abstract

Universal work extraction shows that input-state knowledge is unnecessary to attain the asymptotic free-energy rate. We ask whether this first-order universality extends to reliability, the exponential decay rate of extraction failure. In the work-battery fidelity formulation, we prove that no phase-independent Gibbs-preserving protocol can retain the state-aware Gibbs-preserving exponent throughout a coherent qubit time-translation orbit: at every positive target rate, its worst pointwise exponent is bounded by the corresponding state-aware thermal-operation value. The proof first establishes an exact finite-blocklength identity between phase-robust Gibbs-preserving extraction and state-aware thermal extraction. A trigonometric Remez inequality then upgrades this minimax identity to a pointwise theorem by ruling out exponential localization of the worst phase. For an explicit coherent-qubit family, known-phase Gibbs-preserving extraction is error free, whereas every phase-independent protocol has a finite worst-pointwise exponent. Thus input-state knowledge can be irrelevant to the first-order work rate yet indispensable for optimal exponential reliability.