Operando observation of strain relaxation in fatigued pearlitic steel

Abstract

Pearlitic steels are the material of choice for railway wheels and rails, where their lamellar ferrite-cementite structure balances cost, strength, and wear resistance. However, in use, cyclic loading combined with frictional heat softens the steel, promoting fatigue and eventual failure. Here we use Dark-Field X-ray Microscopy (DFXM) to follow, operando, the grain-scale response of a fatigued pearlitic colony during annealing up to 550 °C. Orientation maps reveal negligible lattice rotation and no sub-cell formation, indicating that the cementite lamellae suppress long-range dislocation motion. Strain maps nonetheless show pronounced relaxation: the elastic strain spread narrows by nearly 40%, with recovery starting below 250 °C, within the operating temperatures of railway wheels. We attribute this relaxation to short-range annihilation of dislocations confined between lamellae, linking grain-scale strain recovery to the macroscopic softening of pearlitic railway steels in service.