Simulating Majorana fermions in black hole with Ising Models

Abstract

Quantum field theory (QFT) in curved spacetime has led to profound predictions, including the Unruh effect and Hawking radiation, yet their direct observation remains extraordinarily challenging because of their extremely weak signatures. Here, we show that the transverse-field Ising model provides a quantum simulator for Majorana fermions in a Schwarzschild black hole background. Remarkably, different coordinate representations of the same spacetime-Schwarzschild, tortoise, Kruskal, and conformally flat-map onto distinct microscopic Ising spin models. Despite their microscopic differences, these models converge in the continuum limit to the same Majorana field theory, exhibiting an emergent form of general covariance. This provides a rare example of a fundamental symmetry of general relativity arising as an emergent property of a condensed matter system. We further demonstrate how black hole particle production can be simulated and detected through spin correlation measurements, and discuss experimental platforms capable of realizing these models. Our work establishes a practical route for investigating fermionic QFT in curved spacetime using controllable quantum many-body systems and tabletop experiments.